The change of landscapes over time is one of the points to be considered in its planning and management. The management, conservation, and planning of landscapes were discussed in the PAN-European Convention on Biological Diversity and the European Landscape Convention, and the identification of landscape character areas became widespread. It is important to identify landscape character types at the local level to ensure sustainability in protected areas, to protect sensitive ecosystems and species diversity, to manage and monitor natural resources. This study aims to determine the landscape character types of Hatila National Park, which is located in Artvin province. For this purpose, geology, land use, large soil groups, elevation, aspect, slope, vegetation maps of the area were digitized with GIS and overlapped to determine character types. As a result of this study, 1052 landscape character types were determined. It is thought that the obtained character types can be used for planning and conservation studies.

Salt Lake, located in the Central Anatolia Region, is a prominent lake with its geological structure. The natural values of the salt lake; The source of salt, flora and fauna characteristics, natural landscape quality. Natural resources can be used irreversibly if used over self-renewal power. Determining the goals and strategies for the planning and management of the Tuz Gölü, whose natural structure is under threat and depreciated visually, is a priority issue. The purpose of this research is; Salt lake in Turkey, an important geological heritage area and thus to determine the recreational tourism facilities, tourism and recreation as how to use this field to contribute to topics that will be developed and managed. Research method; It is based on the analysis of the data obtained from the literature research and field study by SWOT method and its evaluation according to the purpose. SWOT analysis is the most important and first step in the creation of plan decisions. SWOT analysis is a method that can be used in many different areas and it has been used as a method in the field of recreational tourism planning. In this study; It is emphasized that the salt lake is an important natural landscape on the global scale with its flora and fauna and it is emphasized that the use of Tuz Gölü is protected. As a result, natural and sensitive landscaping character of this area were determined according to the creative activities and suggestions were developed accordingly.

In this study, the orange producer and consumer prices and marketing structure in Turkey were examined. Between 2003 and 2017, production, consumption, foreign trade, price fluctuations and marketing were emphasized. The yield with the increase in the number of bearer and the production rate was determined to be an increase in Turkey. According to the current and real prices, the orange margins are calculated and the producer and consumer chain indexes are calculated according to the current prices and compared with the annual inflation rates. Supply and demand models related to orange were estimated and interpreted statistically. As a result, it was determined that the real price of the fertilizer on the orange production quantity and the trend (time) on the orange production amount and the population on the orange consumption amount were effective.

This study was carried out to determine some physical and chemical properties of soil samples taken from fruit and vegetable gardens with different fizyografy (base and slope) from Uzundere District centers and its villages Ulubag, Çaglayan, Gölbasi and Kirazli (four garden from each village). For this purpose, soil samples were collected and analyzed from Uzundere center, where the fruits and vegetables were common grown, and the gardens determined in the villages of Ulubag, Çaglayan, Gölbasi and Kirazli. The soil analysis results were compared with the limit values and the nutrition and fertility status of the soils was determined. According to the results, soil samples had rough textures. pH’s of the samples were neutral and slightly alkaline (pH 7.34-7.90), EC values were 0.31-0.89 dS m-1 and classified as a salt-free, lime contents were moderate (1.39-7.87%), organic matter contents were medium and sufficient (2.23%-7.10%), available phosphorus contents were medium and sufficient (7.37-35.54 kg P2O5 da-1), exchangeable K contents ranges from 0.12 to 2.06 me 100g-1, exchangeable Ca+Mg contents ranges from 10.51 to 21.57 me 100g-1 and exchangeable Na 0.57-1.06 me 100g-1. Also, available Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu contents were between 0.71-2.73, 0.96-4.52, 4.60-16.40 and 1.14-4.14 mg kg-1 respectively. In order to determine whether there is a difference between fruit and vegetable gardens soils in terms of dependent variables, independent samples t test (Independent Sample t Test) was performed and according to the results there were significant differences between the groups in terms of OM, ECa + Mg, CEC, Zn and Mn (p <0.01). There was no difference in terms of other soil properties.

Aphids are one of the economically and ecologically most important groups of insects due to their unique reproduction, ecological plasticity and life cycles. Aphid causes directly and indirectly crop loses in plant species by sucking plant phloem and transmitting about 60% of plant viruses. Aphid management applications lead to important economic cost each year that increases importance of early detection and accurate determination of aphid species. Turkey located at the junction of the important continents and passageway of the species. Richness of flora, having large agricultural landscape-diversity, consisting various types of climates, being a geographically diverse large country let Turkey to be attractive for aphid species. Turkey consists of about 12.000 plant species and about 31 % are endemic. Despite these particular features, only about 2% of Turkey aphid fauna, which consist around 570 species, originally recorded from Turkey. Studies about Turkey aphid fauna dated back to beginning of the 1990’s and during last two decades more studies have been conducted. It has been clearly shown that any detailed study carried out by aphid specialist team added non-ignorable number of aphid species to Turkey aphid fauna, recently completed each 3 detailed projects contributed about 10% new records. There are still large unexplored areas waiting for to be studied and also no sufficient database about how much aphid caused agricultural crop loose in Turkey. Recent prediction made by various research group clearly pointed out that current composition does not reflect the real situation of Turkey aphid fauna. Furthermore, recent climatic changes are going to influence both composition and agricultural damage level of the aphid species. There should be more research institutes and coordination between them to find out present composition and clearly emphasize agricultural importance of aphid species in Turkey.

Climate change poses a severe threat to agricultural livelihood due to the increased intensity of environmental shocks and weather variability. Livelihood diversification plays an important role to cope with climate variability and diminishing food insecurity. This study investigates the main drivers of livelihood diversification such as crop production, livestock farming, and off-farm income diversification, particularly focusing on the part of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) strategy and its impact on farm households’ welfare. Data were collected from 420 farmers in 35 villages located in different agro-ecological zones (AEZs) of Punjab province, Pakistan. We used the Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) model to regress a system of equations consists of the crop, livestock, and off-farm income-generating livelihood activities. Estimation shows that crop, livestock and off-farm diversification on average have a positive and significant impact on welfare when farmers adopted it as an adaptation strategy to mitigate the impact of climate change and earned more 9.3 % income than nonadopted farmers. Moreover, positive and significant determinants of assets endowment such as human, physical, natural, social and financial capital confirmed that well-endowed farmers were enabled more to adopt livelihood diversification than other farmers. Based on the findings, we suggest the policy implications regarding the institutional interventions aimed at strengthening the most important livelihood diversification drivers, to support for improving the household strategic assets endowments.

The forest gap rangelands are an important source of forage for both domestic and wild animals and there are not enough records about the status of these areas in our country. This study was carried out in Sarikamis scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forests in order to determine the vegetation of forest gap rangelands. A total of 63 plant species were found in the pasture sections examined. The dominant plant species in rangelands sites were sheep fescue (Festuca ovina) and bulbous bluegrass (Poa bulbosa) of grasses and red clover (Trifolium pratense) of legumes. In the study area, botanical composition was determined as 51.01% grasses, 17.50% legumes and 31.48% other plant families. The canopy coverage rate was determined as 24.56% on average. The highest rangeland quality degree was 53.21 in sparse rangeland and the lowest rangeland quality degree was 32.16 in covered rangeland site. For rangeland health; uncovered rangeland site was evaluated as “Risky-Fair” class, sparse rangeland site was evaluated as “Unhealthy-Good” class and covered rangeland site was evaluated as “Unhealthy-Fair” class. The similarity index was found from 31.5% and 47.5% among rangeland sites.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), an artificial organic polymer, addition to coarse, medium and fine textured soils on soil structure stability and development of corn (Zea mays L.). In the research, surface soil samples taken from 0-20 cm soil depth were used. In pot experiments conducted in laboratory conditions, at the end of 60 days plant growing period on soil samples with and without polyvinyl alcohol addition, physical properties of the soil, such as bulk density, aggregate stability, dispersion rate, average weight diameter and water permeability were determined. From the biomass characteristics of the corn plant grown in the experiment, the plant height, stem diameter, wet and dry weight parameters were determined. The results of this study indicated that the addition of PVA resulted in a decrease in soil mass density, dispersion rate, average weight diameter, and increase in aggregate stability and water permeability. On the other hand, it has been also found that PVA application had indirectly positive effects on length, stem diameter, wet and dry weight values of the corn plant grown, accordingly.

Social wasps build their nests in nature by using various organic and inorganic materials. In this study, the total phenolic content, antioxidant potentials based on ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and DPPH radical scavenging activity, biochemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the ethanol extract of Vespa crabro germana Christ, 1791 nest were investigated. Antibacterial and antifungal activity was determined by disc diffusion method against 8 bacteria and 2 fungi species. The ethanol extract of the investigated nest sample showed maximum antimicrobial activities against Proteus vulgaris, Bacillus subtillis, Micrococcus luteus and Candida albicans. On the other hand, the minimum activities obtained against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Yersinia enterocolitica, Aspergillus niger and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Total phenolic content (TPC) of sample extract was analyzed using Folin–Ciocalteu assay and calculated as 0.56 mg gallic acid equivalent/g sample. FRAP value and DPPH radical scavenging activity of the extract value were determined as 1.94 mg trolox equivalent/g sample and 0.88 mg trolox equivalent/g sample, respectively. GC-MS analysis of the sample was according to solid phase microextraction (SPME) technique and 44 compounds were identified. The presence of these compounds with bioactive potential, add value to investigated sample extract with a pharmaceutical meaning as antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral agents and so on. In other words, the antioxidative and antimicrobial potantial of the nest sample could be attributed to presence of these compounds. For this reason, the materials used in the structure of the nests used for breeding by the social wasp are important for the biological activities.

In this study, some physical and chemical properties, total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of quince fruit and quince jam were searched. The total dry matter, soluble solid, ash and protein content of the fruit were 17,11%, 14%, 0,42% and 0,77% total sugar was 9,52%, total sugar ve sucrose levels were determined as 9,52% and 1,29%. In addition, the fruit contained 11,81 mg/100 g of vitamin C, the total phenolic content was found to be 15,69 µg GAE/mg. The ß-carotene bleaching method was used to determine the antioxidant activity at 20%. Jam samples in glass jars and plastic case had been stored at 4±2 °C and 20±2 °C for 6 months were analyzed at 0 (start), 3rd and 6th mounths. Storage temperature was found to be statistically significant (P<0,01) on dry matter, water soluble dry matter, titratable acidity and L value. It was determined that the packaging type was very important (P<0,01) on water soluble dry matter, ash, protein, total sugar, reducing sugar and sucrose amount and it was found to be significantly (P<0,05) on total dry matter amount. When the samples are evaluated in terms of storage period; dry matter, water soluble dry matter, pH, titratable acidity, invert sugar levels, a and b values were found to be statistically significant (P<0,01).

Fish plays important role in human nutrition and health due to its nutritional value. On the other hand, fresh fish is perishable material because of its high moisture content. Therefore, various methods are used to maintain and extend the shelf life of fish. Smoking is one of the most common food preservation methods in fish processing. However, wood smoke used in the smoking process contains hazardous chemical compounds like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are organic compounds consisting of two or more fused aromatic rings. Epidemiological studies have shown that a number of PAHs are mutagenic and/or carcinogenic. Therefore, it is needed more information about PAHs found and/or formed in smoked fishes. In the present review, the structure and toxicity of PAHs, the factors that affect PAH concentration and the studies conducted in this context, and legal limits about PAHs in smoked fishes were reviewed.

Tuz stresi tarimsal ürünlerde üretimi sinirlandiran en siddetli çevresel faktörlerden biridir. Bu çalisma, nohut (Cicer arietinum L.) ve bezelyede (Pisum sativum L.) tohum çimlenmesi üzerine tuz stresinin etkisini belirlemek amaciyla yapilmistir. Çalismada 4 farkli bezelye (Utrillo, Serge, Jof ve Bolero) ve 4 farkli nohut (Kanada, Inci, Azkan ve Çagatay) çesidi kullanilmistir. Çesitlerin tuzluluga toleranslarini belirlemek amaciyla kontrole göre 4 farkli tuz konsantrasyonu (50, 100, 150 ve 200 mM NaCl) kullanilmis ve tohum çimlenmesi üzerine olan etkileri (çimlenme orani, çimlenme hizi, ortalama çimlenme zamani, ortalama günlük çimlenme, pik degeri ve çimlenme degeri) incelenmistir. Çalismada artan tuz seviyesi ile birlikte her iki türde de çimlenme özelliklerinde önemli düsüsler görülmüstür. Bezelye çesitlerinde 150 mM (Jof hariç) ve 200 mM tuz stresinde çimlenme olmazken, nohut çesitlerinde 200 mM (Çagatay hariç) tuz stresinde çimlenme meydana gelmemistir. Genel olarak degerlendirildiginde, her iki tür içinde çimlenme için kritik sinir tuz seviyesinin 100 mM oldugu söylenebilir. Bezelyeye ait çesitlerden Jof 100 mM’da en yüksek (%46) çimlenme orani gösteren çesit olmustur. Nohutta ise Çagatay çesidinde 100 mM (%63) ve 150 mM konsantrasyonunda en yüksek (%20) çimlenme orani belirlenmistir. Bulgularimiz farkli türler veya ayni türe ait çesitler arasinda tuz stresine tolerans bakimindan farkliliklar oldugunu desteklemektedir.